Silicon thiab oxygen yog ob yam khoom uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb lub plhaub. Sib nrug los ntawm kev tsim SiO2, lawv kuj sib xyaw ua ke los tsim cov zaub mov silicate ntau tshaj plaws uas pom muaj nyob rau hauv lub plhaub. Muaj ntau tshaj 800 hom zaub mov silicate paub, suav txog li ib feem peb ntawm txhua hom zaub mov paub. Ua ke, lawv tsim txog li 85% ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub plhaub thiab lithosphere los ntawm qhov hnyav. Cov zaub mov no tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb igneous, sedimentary, thiab metamorphic xwb tab sis kuj ua haujlwm ua cov chaw rau ntau yam tsis yog hlau thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj. Piv txwv li suav nrog quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, illite, bentonite, talc, mica, asbestos, wollastonite, pyroxene, amphibole, kyanite, garnet, zircon, diatomite, serpentine, peridotite, andalusite, biotite, thiab muscovite.
1. Feldspar
◆Cov Khoom Siv Lub Cev: Feldspar yog ib qho pob zeb uas muaj ntau nyob hauv ntiaj teb. Cov pob zeb feldspar uas muaj potassium ntau hu ua potassium feldspar. Orthoclase, microcline, thiab albite yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov pob zeb potassium feldspar. Feldspar muaj kev ruaj khov zoo hauv tshuaj lom neeg thiab tiv taus cov kua qaub, feem ntau nyuaj rau lwj. Qhov nyuaj yog txij li 5.5 txog 6.5, qhov ceev yog txij li 2.55 txog 2.75, thiab qhov taw tes yaj yog txij li 1185 txog 1490.°C. Nws feem ntau tshwm sim nrog quartz, muscovite, biotite, sillimanite, garnet, thiab me ntsis ntawm magnetite, ilmenite, thiab tantalite.
◆Siv: Siv rau hauv kev yaj iav, cov khoom siv ceramic raw, ceramic glazes, enamel raw cov ntaub ntawv, potassium chiv, thiab ua cov pob zeb zoo nkauj thiab cov pob zeb semi-precious.
◆Cov Txheej Txheem Xaiv: Tes xaiv, sib cais sib nqus, ntab dej.
◆Chiv Keeb thiab Qhov Tshwm Sim: Pom muaj nyob rau hauv gneisses lossis gneissic metamorphic pob zeb; qee cov leeg tshwm sim hauv granite lossis mafic pob zeb lub cev lossis lawv cov cheeb tsam sib cuag. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv pegmatitic feldspar massifs lossis differentiated ib leeg feldspar pegmatites.
2. Kaolinite
◆Cov Khoom Siv Lub Cev: Kaolinite ntshiab yog dawb tab sis feem ntau muaj xim liab dawb, daj, xiav, ntsuab, lossis grey vim yog cov khoom tsis huv. Nws muaj qhov ceev ntawm 2.61 txog 2.68 thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm 2 txog 3. Kaolinite siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv niaj hnub thiab cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam, cov khoom siv refractory, kev ua ntawv, kev tsim kho, kev pleev xim, roj hmab, yas, textiles, thiab ua cov khoom sau lossis cov xim dawb.
◆Siv: Siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv txhua hnub thiab cov khoom siv ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic, cov ntaub ntawv refractory, kev ua ntawv, kev tsim kho, kev pleev xim, roj hmab, yas, textiles, thiab ua cov khoom sau lossis cov xim dawb.
◆Cov Txheej Txheem Xaiv: Kev sib cais sib nqus qhuav thiab ntub, kev sib cais ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, calcination, tshuaj dawb.
◆Chiv Keeb thiab Qhov Tshwm Sim: Feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb igneous thiab metamorphic uas muaj silica-alumina ntau, hloov pauv los ntawm kev hloov pauv los ntawm huab cua lossis kev hloov pauv hydrothermal kub qis.
3. Mica
◆Cov Khoom Siv Lub Cev: Mica feem ntau yog dawb, nrog rau xim daj daj, ntsuab daj, lossis grey daj. Nws muaj lub teeb ci ntsa iab, zoo li hlaws dai ntawm cov nplaim tawg, thiab cov ntawv nyias nyias uas yoog tau tab sis tsis ywj. Qhov nyuaj yog txij li 1 txog 2 thiab qhov ceev yog txij li 2.65 txog 2.90. Mica pom siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv refractory, ceramics, hluav taws xob porcelain, crucibles, fiberglass, roj hmab, papermaking, pigments, tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, plastics, thiab ua cov khoom siv pabcuam rau kev kos duab zoo nkauj.
◆Siv: Siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv refractory, ceramics, hluav taws xob porcelain, crucibles, fiberglass, roj hmab, papermaking, pigments, tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, plastics, thiab ua cov khoom siv pabcuam rau kev kos duab zoo nkauj.
◆Cov Txheej Txheem Xaiv: Tes xaiv, kev sib cais electrostatic, kev sib cais sib nqus.
◆Chiv Keeb thiab Tshwm Sim: Feem ntau tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hydrothermal ntawm cov pob zeb volcanic acidic nruab nrab thiab tuffs, kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov txhuas-nplua nuj crystalline schists thiab qee qhov kub qis hydrothermal quartz veins.
4. Hmoov
◆Cov Khoom Siv Lub Cev: Cov talc ntshiab tsis muaj xim tab sis feem ntau zoo li daj, ntsuab, xim av, lossis liab vim muaj cov khoom tsis huv. Nws muaj lub teeb ci ntsa iab thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm 1 ntawm Mohs nplai. Talc siv dav dav ua cov khoom sau hauv kev lag luam ntawv thiab roj hmab thiab ua cov neeg sawv cev dawb hauv kev lag luam textile. Nws kuj muaj daim ntawv thov hauv cov khoom siv av nplaum, xim pleev xim, txheej txheej, yas, thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce.
◆Siv: Siv ua ib qho khoom siv rau hauv kev lag luam ntawv thiab roj hmab, ua ib qho tshuaj dawb hauv kev lag luam textile, thiab hauv cov khoom siv av nplaum, xim, tshuaj pleev ib ce, yas, thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce.
◆Cov Txheej Txheem Xaiv: Tes xaiv, kev sib cais electrostatic, kev sib cais magnetic, kev xaiv optical, kev ntab dej, kev txhuam.
◆Chiv Keeb thiab Tshwm Sim: Feem ntau tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hydrothermal thiab metamorphism, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog magnesite, serpentine, dolomite, thiab talc schist.
5. Cov neeg Moscow
◆Cov Khoom Siv Lub Cev: Muscovite yog ib hom pob zeb mica, feem ntau tshwm sim dawb, grey, daj, ntsuab, lossis xim av. Nws muaj lub teeb ci ntsa iab nrog lub ntsej muag zoo li hlaws dai ntawm qhov chaw txiav. Muscovite siv rau cov neeg tua hluav taws, cov pas nrig vuam, yas, rwb thaiv tsev hluav taws xob, ua ntawv, ntawv asphalt, roj hmab, cov xim hlaws dai, yas, xim pleev xim, thiab roj hmab ua cov khoom ntim khoom.
◆Siv: Siv ua cov neeg tua hluav taws, cov pas nrig vuam, cov yas, cov rwb thaiv hluav taws xob, kev ua ntawv, daim ntawv asphalt, roj hmab, cov xim pearl, cov yas, cov xim pleev xim, thiab roj hmab ua cov khoom siv ua haujlwm.
◆Cov Txheej Txheem Xaiv: Kev ntab, xaiv cua, xaiv tes, tev tawv, xaiv kev sib txhuam, sib tsoo zoo, sib tsoo zoo heev, hloov kho qhov chaw.
◆Chiv Keeb thiab Tshwm Sim: Feem ntau yog cov khoom ntawm magmatic action thiab pegmatitic action, feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv granite pegmatites thiab mica schists, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog quartz, feldspar, thiab cov minerals radioactive tsawg.
Txuas ntxiv kev txhais lus:
6. Sodalite
Sodalite yog ib lub tshuab siv lead ua triclinic, feem ntau yog cov siv lead ua cylindrical flattened nrog cov kab sib luag ntawm qhov chaw siv lead ua. Nws muaj lub vitreous luster, thiab qhov tawg qhia txog lub iav rau pearly luster. Cov xim sib txawv ntawm lub teeb mus rau xiav tsaus, ntsuab, daj, grey, xim av, tsis muaj xim, lossis greyish-dawb ci. Hardness sib txawv ntawm 5.5 txog 7.0, nrog rau qhov hnyav tshwj xeeb ntawm 3.53 txog 3.65. Cov zaub mov tseem ceeb yog sodalite thiab me ntsis ntawm silica, nrog rau cov zaub mov ntxiv xws li quartz, dub mica, kub mica, thiab chlorite.
Sodalite yog ib yam khoom metamorphism hauv cheeb tsam uas pom muaj nyob rau hauv crystalline schists thiab gneisses. Cov neeg tsim khoom nto moo thoob ntiaj teb suav nrog Switzerland, Austria, thiab lwm lub tebchaws. Thaum cua sov rau 1300°C, sodalite hloov mus ua mullite, cov khoom siv refractory qib siab siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ntsaws hluav taws xob, cov roj nozzles, thiab lwm yam khoom siv ceramic refractory kub siab. Aluminium kuj tseem tuaj yeem rho tawm. Cov pob zeb siv lead ua pob tshab ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj tuaj yeem siv ua pob zeb diamond, nrog rau xiav tob yog qhov nyiam tshaj plaws. North Carolina hauv Tebchaws Meskas tsim cov pob zeb diamond xiav thiab ntsuab zoo li sodalite.
7.Pob zeb diamond
◆Cov khoom siv lub cev
Feem ntau xim av, daj, liab, ntsuab, thiab lwm yam; pob tshab rau pob tshab; vitreous luster, tawg nrog resinous luster; tsis muaj cleavage; hardness 5.6 ~ 7.5; ceev 3.5 ~ 4.2.
◆Cov ntawv thov
Garnet lub zog siab ua rau nws haum rau cov ntaub ntawv abrasive; cov siv lead ua loj nrog xim zoo nkauj thiab pob tshab tuaj yeem siv ua cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom siv pob zeb.
◆Cov txheej txheem sib cais
Kev cais tes, kev sib cais sib nqus.
◆Chiv Keeb thiab qhov tshwm sim
Garnet tau faib dav hauv ntau yam txheej txheem geological, tsim ntau hom garnet vim yog cov txheej txheem geological sib txawv; calcium-aluminium garnet series feem ntau yog tsim tawm hauv hydrothermal, alkaline pob zeb, thiab qee cov pegmatites; magnesium-aluminium garnet series feem ntau yog tsim tawm hauv cov pob zeb igneous thiab cov pob zeb metamorphic hauv cheeb tsam, gneisses, thiab cov pob zeb volcanic.
8.Biotite
◆Cov khoom siv lub cev
Biotite feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb metamorphic thiab qee cov pob zeb xws li granite. Cov xim ntawm biotite yog los ntawm dub mus rau xim av, liab, lossis ntsuab. Nws muaj lub ci ntsa iab, cov siv lead ua elastic, qhov nyuaj tsawg dua li tus ntsia hlau, yooj yim rhuav ua tej daim me me, thiab yog cov phaj zoo li lossis cov ncej.
◆Cov ntawv thov
Feem ntau siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho kom tiv thaiv hluav taws, ua ntawv, ntawv asphalt, yas, roj hmab, cov neeg tua hluav taws, vuam pas nrig, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, xim hlaws, thiab lwm yam kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, biotite kuj tau siv dav hauv cov txheej txheem kho kom zoo nkauj xws li xim pob zeb tiag.
◆Cov txheej txheem sib cais
Kev ntab, xaiv cua, xaiv tes, tev tawv, xaiv kev sib txhuam, sib tsoo zoo, sib tsoo zoo heev, hloov kho qhov chaw.
9.Muscovite
◆Cov khoom siv lub cev
Muscovite yog ib hom pob zeb mica hauv pawg dawb mica, uas yog silicate ntawm txhuas, hlau, thiab potassium. Muscovite muaj cov xim tsaus muscovite (ntau yam xim av lossis ntsuab, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov xim dawb muscovite (ntau yam xim daj). Cov xim dawb muscovite yog pob tshab thiab muaj lub ci ntsa iab; cov xim tsaus muscovite yog semi-pom tseeb. Cov luster vitreous rau submetallic, qhov chaw txiav nrog lub ci ntsa iab pearly. Cov ntawv nyias nyias yog elastic, hardness 2 ~ 3, qhov hnyav tshwj xeeb 2.70 ~ 2.85, tsis conductive.
◆Cov ntawv thov
Nws yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam khoom siv hauv tsev, kev lag luam tua hluav taws, cov neeg tua hluav taws, cov pas nrig vuam, yas, hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev, ua ntawv, ntawv asphalt, roj hmab, cov xim pearl, thiab lwm yam kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg. Ultrafine mica hmoov yog siv los ua cov khoom siv rau cov yas, txheej, xim, roj hmab, thiab lwm yam, los txhim kho lub zog kho tshuab, txhim kho kev tawv, kev nplaum, tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab tiv thaiv xeb.
Hauv kev lag luam, nws feem ntau yog siv rau nws cov rwb thaiv tsev thiab tiv taus cua sov, nrog rau nws cov kev tiv thaiv rau cov kua qaub, alkalis, compression, thiab peeling zog, siv ua cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob; qhov thib ob siv hauv kev tsim cov boilers chav, smelting cub tawg qhov rais, thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
◆Cov txheej txheem sib cais
Kev ntab, xaiv cua, xaiv tes, tev tawv, xaiv kev sib txhuam, sib tsoo zoo, sib tsoo zoo heev, hloov kho qhov chaw.
10.Txiv roj ntsuab
◆Cov khoom siv lub cev
Ntsuab txiv ntseej, daj-ntsuab, grey-ntsuab, ntsuab-dub. Lub qhov muag ci ntsa iab, feem ntau tawg zoo li lub plhaub; qhov nyuaj 6.5~7.0, qhov ceev 3.27~4.37.
◆Cov ntawv thov
Siv ua cov khoom siv raw rau cov magnesium compounds thiab phosphates, siv rau hauv kev tsim cov calcium-magnesium phosphate chiv; magnesium-nplua nuj olivine tuaj yeem siv ua cov ntaub ntawv refractory; pob tshab, coarse-grained olivine tuaj yeem siv ua cov ntaub ntawv raw gemstone.
◆Cov txheej txheem sib cais
Rov xaiv dua, kev sib cais sib nqus.
◆Chiv Keeb thiab qhov tshwm sim
Feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm magmatic, tshwm sim hauv cov pob zeb ultrabasic thiab cov pob zeb yooj yim, cuam tshuam nrog pyroxene, amphibole, magnetite, platinum pawg minerals, thiab lwm yam.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Xya Hli-31-2024